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README
GPL-3.0

Django风格指南

Django风格指南,给Django使用者的一些关于目录结构、使用的建议。该指南中所有的例子你都可以在DeerU(https://github.com/gojuukaze/DeerU)项目中找到。

project结构

project结构建议是这样的(demo

 app1/
 	...
 app2/
 	...
 html_app/
 	...
 project_name/
 	...
 tool/
 	...

app1app2project_name三个目录是标准的django目录结构,除此之外多了html_apptool

  • html_app:这是用来专门存放前端代码的目录,虽然你可以把前端代码放到不同的app中,但更加建议你单独放在前端专属的app中,在此app中用不同的目录来区分不同app的前端代码。
  • tool : 用来存放一些每个app都会用到的公用函数,比如:时间处理函数,Exception类等

子project目录结构

项目下的project_name目录建议是这样的(demo

demo中并没有严格按照这个目录结构,因为demo需要支持git升级且不影响已修改的settings配置。
在实际项目中这个结构不一定适用于所有项目,但也有可以借鉴的地方。

# * 表示不提交到仓库

project_name/
	* settings.py
	settings_common.py
	settings_dev.py
	settings_test.py
	settings_project.py
	* settings_local.py
  • settings_common.py : 建议首先需要一个settings_common.py,它用来保存一些在dev、test、product三个环境用到公用的配置。

  • settings.py :Django的settings文件,之所以不建议提交是为了防止把开发时的修改提交了上去,造成bug。在实际上线时根据不同环境把不同环境的settings文件拷贝为settings.py

  • settings_dev.py :dev环境的专有配置,比如数据库地址、密码,缓存地址等,它里面引用了settings_common,如:

    from xxx.settings_common import *
  • settings_local.py :这个用于本地开发的settings,因为开发时会对settings配置进行修改,建议此文件不提交代码仓库,防止对其他人的开发造成干扰。

app结构

初始、小型的项目app

对于初始、小型的项目app结构建议是这样的

app_name\
 	apps.py
 	admin.py
 	consts.py
 	models.py
 	db_managers.py
 	managers.py
 	urls.py
 	views.py
 	class_viws.py
 	
  • consts.py : 保存一些app内的全局变量

  • views.py :存放函数view

  • class_viws.py :存放class view

  • db_managers.py : 存放每个model的纯数据库操作函数,定义model后应在db_managers.py中加入该model的基本db操作函数,在view中不应有xx.objects.xx这样的操作。比如(demo):

    
    ########### User ############
    
    def create_user(name, age):
        return User.objects.create(name=name, age=age)
        
    def get_user_by_id(id):
        try:
            return User.objects.get(id=id)
        except:
            return None   
            
    def get_user_by_id_with_lock(id):
        try:
            return User.objects.select_for_update().get(id=id)
        except:
            return None
            
    def get_all_user():
        return User.objects.all()
            
    def filter_user_by_age(age):
        return User.objects.filter(age=age)
        
    def filter_user_by_age_and_name(age, name):
        return User.objects.filter(age=age, name=name)
     
    def delete_user_by_id(id):
        return User.objects.delete(id=id)
     
    # 在函数中进行进一步处理,这个根据喜好
    def filter_user_order_by_age():
        return User.objects.filter().order_by('age')
        
    • 函数命名为动词+model名+by 条件+with 其他操作;动词一般就是objects后面跟的方法

    • 对于get操作建议返回查询值或者None,而不是抛错。

    • 对于filter操作建议直接返回QuerySet,方便外部对结果进行进一步操作,比如:count、odder。

    • 对于filter的结果很多时候你需要进一步处理,你可以直接用filter函数的返回结果进行处理,或者像filter_user_order_by_age()一样直接把它封装成一个函数,这个根据个人偏好选择。

      users = get_all_user().order_by('age')
      # or
      users = filter_user_order_by_age()
    • 一般来说这里面的函数只是单纯的db操作,不应有太多的逻辑。

  • managers.py :存放model相关的逻辑处理函数,功能类函数,以及一些该app专用的函数,比如:

    ######### user ###########
    
    def login_user(name, passwd):
        user = get_user_by_name(name=name)
        if not user:
            return False
        return login_user(user, passwd)
    
    def add_user(name, age):
        user = get_user_by_name(name)
        if user:
            return None, "存在相同name"
        return create_user(name, age), ""
        
    def get_online_user():
        online_user=[]
        users=get_all_user()
        for u in users:
            if is_ online(u):
                online_user.append(u)
        return online_user
    

中型项目app结构

随着项目不断迭代,功能增加后,单个views.py文件可能无法放下所有代码,这时你需要对app进行进一步的分层(demo

# demo中对models也进行了拆分,之后会讲到

app_name\
 	apps.py
 	admin.py
 	consts.py
 	models.py
 	db_managers\
 		user_managers.py
 		xx_managers.py
 	managers\
 		user_managers.py
 		xx_managers.py
 	urls\
 		__init__.py
 		# 根据版本划分
 		v1_urls.py
 		v2_urls.py
 		
 		# 根据功能,model划分
 		user_urls.py
 	views\
 		# 根据版本划分
 		v1_views.py
 		v2_views.py
 		v1_class_viws.py
 		
 		# 根据功能,model划分
 		user_views.py
 		user_class_views.py

可以看到该结构主要对views、urls、managers、db_managers建立了单独的文件夹。
结合实际情况,根据model,功能,版本把单个文件py文件拆分为多个。

  • 对于urls目录,注意它的__init__.py很重要,它里面include了其他的子urls文件,如(demo):

    urlpatterns = [
        path('v1/', include('app_name.urls.v1_urls')),
        path('v2/', include('app_name.urls.v2_urls')),
      
        path('user/', include('app_name.urls.user_urls')),
    
    ]

    在项目的入口project_name/urls.py中这样include app的url:

    urlpatterns = [
        path('app_name/', include('app_name.urls')),,
    
    ]

    这样做可以防止每次新增url文件都修改项目的urls.py

中大型项目app目录结构

项目再次扩展,单个models.py文件无法放下所有model了,这时需要对models.py文件进行拆分,新的结构如下(demo):

app_name\
 	apps.py
 	admin.py
 	consts.py
 	models.py
 	app_models\
 		user_models.py
 		xx_models.py
 	db_managers\
 	managers\
 	urls\
 	views\

根据实际情况把models.py分成多个子model,建议在这次拆分model时充分考虑所有的情况,重点思考这样拆分是否可以做的model之间的解耦。

  • 大家可能注意到,models.py文件并没有删除,因为这个django的默认model位置,在models.py中这样把其他model引入(demo):

    from app_name.app_models.user_model import *
    from app_name.app_models.xxx_model import *
    

    在子model文件中把每个model加到__all__中(demo):

    # user_models.py
    
    __all__ = ['User', 'UserGroup',]
    
    class User(models. Model):
        pass
       
    class UserGroup(models. Model):
        pass

    需要用到model时你应该从子model文件import(demo):

    from app_name.app_models.user_models import User
    
    user = User.objects.get(id=1)

大型项目app结构

发展到大型项目时,单个app已经无法放下所有文件了,应该根据实际情况把一些model、功能单独拿出来作为一个新的app。如果在中大型项目时拆分足够好,那么把代码放到一个新的app会很轻松,因此中大型项目的app结构拆分十分重要。

html_app结构

html_app\
 	apps.py
 	templates\
 		# 根据app划分
 		app1_templates\
 			app1_html.html
 			
 		# 根据model、功能划分
 		user_templates\
 			get_user_html.html
 			create_user_html.html
 	static\
 		app1_static\
 			css\
 			js\
 		user_static\
 			css\
 			js\
 		
 		# or
 		
 		css\
 			app1_css\
 			user_css\
 		js\
 			app1_js\
 			user_js\

根据实际情况对templatesstatic目录的结构进行划分,这里没有什么标准建议 ,具体问题具体分析。

view命名

view函数、类命名应该以view结尾,方便与其他镜像区分函数,如:


def create_user_view(request):
    pass

def get_user_view(request):
    pass
    
class UserListView(ListView):
    pass

model导入

导入model时建议直接导入model,而不是导入model所在的py文件,如:

# 不建议这样做
# from app_name import models

from app_name.models import User, UserGroup

这样如果对model进行删除、迁移可以很快的发现错误。

html中引入静态文件

在html中应使用软连接引入静态文件,如(demo):

{% load static %}
<link href="{% static '/app_name/css/base_theme.css' %}" type="text/css"/>
<script defer src="{% static '/base_theme/js/fontawesome.js' %}"></script>

为了保证引入静态文件成功,你应该正确的配置settings.py文件,具体可以参考官方文档。

正确导入settings

需要使用settings中的配置,你应该这样import:

from django.conf import settings

settings.xxx

是否提交migrations文件

提交migrations可以方便的管理数据库的表,为新表增加默认值。但如果开发时,把一些临时的、不完善的migrations文件提交上去有可能对数据库造成不可逆的修改。
因此一些项目中选择不提交migrations文件,上线时在服务器上生成migrations文件。
这个问题同样需要根据实际情况决定,但如果你选择提交,那要注意提交的migrations文件一定是经过测试的。

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