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Apache-2.0

基于二维伽马函数的光照不均匀图像自适应校正算法

照度反射模型

入射光线 $L(x,y)$ 经过物体 $R(x,y)$ 反射后,被相机捕获,形成图像 $S(x,y)$ 。即 $$ S(x,y) = L(x,y) \cdot R(x,y) $$

单尺度 Retinex

原理

单尺度 Retinex 即 Single Scale Retinex,它是所有基于 Retinex 方法的最简版本,原理如下:

上式两边取对数变换: $$ \begin{array}{l} \log S = \log \left( {L\cdot R} \right) \\ \quad \quad ; = \log L + \log R \\ \end{array} $$ 于是得到物体真实图像 $R$ $$ R = \exp{(\log S - \log L)} $$

但是入射光线 $L$ 真实情况下是无法获取的,于是通过高斯函数进行卷积,获取高斯模糊图像,来近似地估算光照分量: $$ L\left( {x,y} \right) = S\left( {x,y} \right) * G\left( {x,y} \right) $$ 于是,对于照度反射模型,可整理出一个通用的表达式: $$ R =\exp{(\log S - \log S * G)} $$ 即给定一个输入图像 $S$ 和一个高斯函数 $G$ 就可以根据上述公式计算出物体真实图像 $R$ ,从而一定程度上对将拍摄得到的图像中光照带来的影响减弱。这里的高斯函数表达式如下:

$$ G(x,y)=\frac{1}{{2\pi{\sigma ^2}}}{e^{ - \frac{{{x^2} + {y^2}}}{{2{\sigma ^2}}}}}
$$

且要满足归一化条件 $$ \iint {G\left( {x,y} \right)}{\text{d}}x{\text{d}}y = 1 $$

在实际操作中,卷积的实现有多种方法,其中比较快速的做法是转换到频域做乘积,因为

时域中(图像中通常成为空域)的卷积等于频域中的乘积

$$ \begin{array}{l} L = S * G \\ ;;; = IFT\left( {FT\left( S \right)FT\left( G \right)} \right) \\ \end{array} $$

而且通常得到的最后的 $\log{R}$ 在对数域中,尽管做指数变换可以还原得到 $R$,但图像已经减去了反应光照情况的分量,所以得到的图像视觉效果并不好,为此需要做增益补偿,通常可直接对 $log{R}$ 做一个线性拉伸处理。 $$ {R_{new}} = 255\frac{{R - {R_{\min }}}}{{{R_{\max }} - {R_{\min }}}} $$

实现

function [R,R_temp,L] = ssr4gray(S,sigma)
% S = 0 ~ 255 , 单通道图像
% R = 0 ~ 1 ,   单通道图像
% R_temp = any ,  用于进一步计算,避免做归一化影响结果
% S = R×L
% log(R) = log(S) - log(L)
%        = log(S) - log(S*L)

G = fspecial('gaussian',size(S),sigma); % 高斯函数

% 时域卷积等于频域乘积,估计光照图像 L
%
L = real(ifft2(fft2(S).*fftshift(fft2(G,size(S,1),size(S,2))))); 
L = L - min(L(:));
%}

% L = imfilter(S,G,'replicate','conv'); % 使用滤波卷积效果不好

R_temp = log(S+1) - log(L+1); % 去除光照影响
R = mat2gray(exp(R_temp)); % 线性拉伸
end

上述过程只能处理单通道的图像,对于三通道 RGB 图像,每一个通道做一遍即可获得 SSR 增强图像。

多尺度 Retinex

原理

可以看出单尺度 Retinex 最大的缺陷在于图像的增强效果非常依赖于高斯函数的的 $\sigma $ ,即所谓的 Retienx尺度,$\sigma $ 取值越小,高斯模糊效果越弱,光照估计的越不准,图像细节保留的越多,于是处理后的图像细节较好,但色彩严重失真;取值越大,则图像细节丢失,光照估计的越准确,处理后的图像颜色越自然,但细节丢失较多,且容易出现光晕现象。

所以为了弥补单一尺度下的这种缺陷,采取多个尺度的 SSR 进行处理,然后再对处理后的多个图像做加权求和,一定程度上实现细节和颜色方面的效果兼容。

$$ R = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{\omega _i}\left( {\log S - \log S * {G_i}} \right)} $$

这里的 $R$ 同样也是仅针对的是一个通道的处理,多通道的重复使用即可。

实现

function [R,R_temp] = ssr(S,sigma)
% S = 0 ~ 255 , 三通道彩色图像
% Si = Ri×Li
% log(Ri) = log(Si) - log(Li)
%        = log(Si) - log(S*Li)
% 结果初始化
R = zeros(size(S));
R_temp = zeros(size(S));
for i = 1:size(S,3)
    Si = S(:,:,i);  % 提取单通道图像
    [~,Ri,~]= ssr4gray(Si,sigma); % 单通道 ssr 
    R_temp(:,:,i) = Ri; % 单通道结果存储
    R(:,:,i) = mat2gray(Ri); % 单通道结果存储
end
end

其中,使用到了前面已经写好的单通道单尺度 Retinex 函数 ssr4gray

当然,我们也可以将图像转换到 HSV 颜色空间,使用多尺度 Retinex 进行增强

function R = msr4hsv(S,sigma)
% S = 0 ~ 255 , 三通道彩色图像
% R = 0 ~ 1 ,   三通道彩色图像

% RGB --> HSV 
[h,s,v] = rgb2hsv(S);

V = zeros(size(v)); % 增强后亮度分量初始化
for i = 1:length(sigma)
    [~, Vi]= ssr(v,sigma(i));   % 多尺度 ssr
    V = V + Vi/length(sigma);   % 加权求和
end
V = mat2gray(V);    % 归一化
% HSV --> RGGB
R = hsv2rgb(cat(3,h,s,V));  
end

带颜色恢复的多尺度 Retinex

原理

根据前面介绍,Retienx 算法一直致力于单通道图像的处理,对于其他通道的处理都是同样的操作,这使得通道间的分量比例明显不协调,从而失去了真彩色,图像颜色不能令人满意,于是再在多尺度 Retinex 的基础上加入了各通道之间的色彩比例调节系数,以此来恢复色彩比例。

对于第 $i$ 个通道图像 $S_i(x,y)$ 其通道色彩恢复调节系数 $C_i(x,y)$ 被表示为 $$ {C_i}\left( {x,y} \right) = \beta \log \left( {\alpha \frac{{{S_i}\left( {x,y} \right)}} {{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^3 {{S_i}\left( {x,y} \right)} }}} \right) $$ 于是,将其与之前的多尺度 Retinex 增强图像进行相乘,调整像素取值,实现通道间色彩比例调节。

$$ {R_j} = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{C_j}{\omega _i}\left( {\log S - \log S*{G_i}} \right)} $$ 这里的 $R_j$ 表示第 $j$ 个色彩通道。

实现

function [R,R_temp] = msrcr(S,sigma,beta,alpha,G,b)
% S = 0 ~ 255 , 三通道彩色图像
% R = 0 ~ 1 ,   三通道彩色图像

[~,R_msr] = msr(S,sigma);   % 多尺度 msr

% 结果初始化
R = zeros(size(S));
R_temp = zeros(size(S));
for i = 1:size(S,3)
    Si = S(:,:,i); % 提取单通道图像
    Sa = sum(S,3); % 按通道求和
    Ci = beta*(log(alpha*Si+1) - log(Sa+1)); % 色彩恢复系数
    R_temp(:,:,i) = G*(R_msr(:,:,i).*Ci+b); % 单通道恢复结果存储
    R(:,:,i) = mat2gray(R_temp(:,:,i)); % 单通道结果存储
end
end

其中,使用到了前面已经写好的单通道多尺度 Retinex 函数 msr

基于二维伽马函数的光照不均匀图像自适应校正算法

二维伽马函数

我们知道,传统的伽马矫正,就是在原图像的基础上,$\gamma$ 次幂运算,$\gamma$ 若大于 1 则图像整体会被变暗,等于 1 则保持不变,小于 1 则图像整体变亮。

$$ {R_{new}}\left( {x,y} \right) = R{\left( {x,y} \right)^\gamma } $$

这就导致,图像是整体变化的,缺乏局部像素的考虑,因此可以针对每一个像素设置一个合适的 $\gamma$ 值,自适应地调整图像亮度。在该文章中,提出了一种新的二维伽马函数(文中公式写反了)。

$$

{\left{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{S_{new}}\left( {x,y} \right) = 255\left( {\frac{{S\left( {x,y} \right)}} {{255}}} \right)} \hfill \ {\gamma = {{\left( {\frac{1} {2}} \right)}^{\frac{{m - L\left( {x,y} \right)}} {m}}}} \hfill \\end{array} } \right.^\gamma }

$$

即,根据根据多尺度 Retinex 方法,计算出光照分量 $L$

$$ L = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{\omega _i}S * {G_i}} $$

然后依据光照分量 $L$ 计算每一个像素值的 $\gamma$ ,再将其应用在要处理的图像 $S$ 上,进行逐像素伽马矫正。

这里,论文选择将图像转换到 HSV 颜色空间,然后针对亮度分量 $V$ 使用上述方法增强后,还原图像,得到RGB增强图像。

实现

function img_out = gamma2d(img_in)
% rgb --> hsv
img_in = double(img_in);
[h,s,v] = rgb2hsv(img_in);
% 多尺度光照估计
[~,~,l1] = ssr4gray(v,15);
[~,~,l2] = ssr4gray(v,80);
[~,~,l3] = ssr4gray(v,250);
l = (l1+l2+l3)/3;
% 自适应二维伽马矫正
% m = mean2(l);
m=128;
r = (1/2).^((m-l)./m);
v1 = (v/255).^r;

% v1 = mat2gray(v1);
% hsv --> rgb
img_out = hsv2rgb(cat(3,h,s,v1));
end

论文整体代码

论文首先绘制了亮度图像,然后给出了二维伽马函数的曲线对比图,以及三个不同场景下的图像经直方图均衡化(HE),带颜色恢复的多尺度 Retinex ,以及二维伽马函数矫正的方法。下面是论文插图的整体实现。

clear;close all;clc
addpath('./model');
addpath('./src');

%% 图2 
figure(2)
img_gray = imread('Fig0310(a)(Moon Phobos).tif');
subplot(1,2,1);imshow(img_gray);xlabel('(a) 灰度图像')
img_gray = double(img_gray);
[~,~,l1] = ssr4gray(img_gray,15);
[~,~,l2] = ssr4gray(img_gray,80);
[~,~,l3] = ssr4gray(img_gray,250);
img_gray_l = (l1+l2+l3)/3;
img_gray_l = wcodemat(img_gray_l,255);
subplot(1,2,2);imshow(uint8(img_gray_l));xlabel('(b) 光照分量')

%% 图2 
figure(3)
img_rgb = imread('彩色图像.png');
subplot(1,2,1);imshow(img_rgb);xlabel('(a) 彩色图像')
[h,s,v] = rgb2hsv(img_rgb); % 提取亮度分量
[~,~,l1] = ssr4gray(v,15);
[~,~,l2] = ssr4gray(v,80);
[~,~,l3] = ssr4gray(v,250);
img_rgb_l = (l1+l2+l3)/3;
img_rgb_l = wcodemat(img_rgb_l,255);
subplot(1,2,2);imshow(uint8(img_rgb_l));xlabel('(b) 光照分量')

%% 图4 
figure(4)
F = 0:10:255;
I = [0, 64, 128, 192, 255];
m = 128;
func = @(F,I) 255*(F/255).^((1/2).^((m-I)/m));
lineset = {
'r--s','$L(x,y)$=0';
'g-o','$L(x,y)$=64';
'b-*','$L(x,y)$=128';
'c-x','$L(x,y)$=192';
'k-p','$L(x,y)$=255';
};
for n = 1:length(I)
    plot(F,func(F,I(n)),lineset{n,1},'linewidth',1,'MarkerSize',5,'MarkerEdgeColor','k','MarkerFaceColor',lineset{n,1}(1));
    hold on
end
legend(lineset(:,2),'location','NorthWest','box','off','interpreter','latex')
xlabel('输入图像亮度');ylabel('校正后输出图像亮度');
% axis square
axis tight

%% 模型对比 

models = {
'(a)原图像',@(x) x;
'(b)HE算法处理结果', @(x) he(x);
'(c)MSRCR算法处理结果',@(x) msrcr(double(x),[15,80,250],46,125,192,-30);
'(d)本文算法处理结果',@(x) gamma2d(x);
};

%% 图7 

figure(7)
img = imread('场景1.png');
for i = 1:length(models)
    model = models{i,2};
    img_en = model(img);
    subplot(3,size(models,1),i);
    imshow(img_en);
    xlabel(models{i,1});
end

%% 图8 

% figure(8)
img = imread('场景2.png');
for i = 1:length(models)
    model = models{i,2};
    img_en = model(img);
    subplot(3,size(models,1),i+4);
    imshow(img_en);
    xlabel(models{i,1});
end

%% 图9 

% figure(9)
img = imread('场景3.png');
for i = 1:length(models)
    model = models{i,2};
    img_en = model(img);
    subplot(3,size(models,1),i+8);
    imshow(img_en);
    xlabel(models{i,1});
end

这里,文中并没有取均值作为 $m$ ,而是直接使用了 128 作为固定的 $m$ 。并且在求光照分量时,也达不到图像那样的高斯模糊效果(只有当高斯模糊的卷积用 imfilter 实现时,才会和论文中那样,但复现的结果表明作者使用了频域乘积去计算时域卷积,所以到底怎么回事?)

这里的所有图像,均来自论文截图,并未找到对应的标准测试图像,可能是作者自己拍的吧。

论文曲线图

复现曲线图

论文效果对比图

复现效果对比图

参考文献

  1. 刘志成,王殿伟,刘颖,刘学杰.基于二维伽马函数的光照不均匀图像自适应校正算法[J].北京理工大学学报,2016,36(02):191-196+214.
  2. 何艳. 基于Retinex图像增强的研究与应用[D].合肥工业大学,2014.
  3. 闫保中,韩旭东,何伟.基于Retinex理论改进的低照度图像增强算法[J].应用科技,2020,47(05):74-78.
  4. 刘远仲,张强,杨嘉,谭鹤毅,张海波,唐天国.一种改进的低照度图像增强算法研究[J].四川轻化工大学学报(自然科学版),2020,33(06):46-52.
  5. 姜雪松,姚鸿勋.夜晚图像增强方法综述[J].智能计算机与应用,2020,10(03):394-403.
  6. 刘军. 基于Retinex理论的彩色图像增强技术研究[D].中国科学院研究生院(西安光学精密机械研究所),2015.
  7. 林宝栋. 基于人眼视觉特性的低照度图像增强算法研究[D].南京邮电大学,2017.
  8. 严亮. 基于Retinex理论的图像增强技术研究[D].华中科技大学,2016.
  9. 王浩,张叶,沈宏海,张景忠.图像增强算法综述[J].中国光学,2017,10(04):438-448.
  10. 陈雾. 基于Retinex理论的图像增强算法研究[D].南京理工大学,2006.
  11. 肖晓. 基于Retinex的图像增强算法研究与实现[D].四川师范大学,2016.
  12. 宋瑞霞,李达,王小春.基于HSI色彩空间的低照度图像增强算法[J].图学学报,2017,38(02):217-223.
  13. 王殿伟,王晶,许志杰,刘颖.一种光照不均匀图像的自适应校正算法[J].系统工程与电子技术,2017,39(06):1383-1390.
  14. 秦钟,杨建国,王海默,杨佳睿,崔春晖.基于Retinex理论的低照度下输电线路图像增强方法及应用[J].电力系统保护与控制,2021,49(03):150-157.

心得

输入输出数据类型要当心

在做图像处理时,要十分注意数据类型的转换,图像一般取值 0 - 255 或者 0 - 1 ,但很多情况下,论文或者代码对输入的图像数据取值范围是有条件的,必须弄清楚,否则效果或出现很大的异常,这也是为什么我要在函数输出时,写一个 R_temp,接住这个中间计算结果。因为在其他函数调用该函数时,我们希望它不是经过转型或者归一化处理的,这样才能保证数据计算一致性。

函数功能单一化、可扩展很重要

从原理上来讲,Retinex 系列算法之间是存在递进关系的,因此在编写函数时,尤其要关注算法的输入输出,既保证函数编写完成后,能够实现自身功能的同时,也能为其他调用它的函数提供模块化的处理,这样一层套一层,代码变得很结构化、看起来会比较有层次。这些都需要前期对函数功能进行仔细地分析。

句柄和元胞是个好东西

本文在复现效果对比时,使用了句柄和元胞来存放一些同类型的函数或变量,这样既方便了修改,也减少了代码的冗余度,个人觉得这个做法值得推广。

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论文复现:基于二维伽马函数的光照不均匀图像自适应校正算法 展开 收起
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