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pronounced "f-reactive" for functional reactive - name subject to change. This library should be considered experimental - it has not been widely tested.
FYI: this documentation is now significantly out-dated and will hopefully get updated soon
freactive is a high-performance, pure Clojurescript, declarative DOM library. It uses hiccup-style syntax and Clojure's built-in deref and atom patterns. It is inspired by reagent, om and reflex (as well as my experience with desktop GUI frameworks such as QML, JavaFX and WPF). See it in action!
Goals:
Leiningen dependency info:
To try this quickly, you can install the austin repl plugin, run austin-exec, open a browser with the URL provided by austin and execute the code below. This code is also compatible with lein-figwheel - this is possibly the best approach for live Clojurescript development available now.
(ns example1
(:refer-clojure :exclude [atom])
(:require [freactive.core :refer [atom cursor]]
[freactive.dom :as dom])
(:require-macros [freactive.macros :refer [rx]]))
(defonce mouse-pos (atom nil))
(defn view []
[:div
{:width "100%" :height "100%" :style {:border "1px solid black"}
:on-mousemove (fn [e] (reset! mouse-pos [(.-clientX e) (.-clientY e)]))}
[:h1 "Hello World!"]
[:p "Your mouse is at: " (rx (str @mouse-pos))]])
(defonce root (dom/append-child! (.-body js/document) [:div#root]))
(dom/mount! root (view))
Explanation:
If you already understand hiccup syntax and Clojure's atom, you're 90% of the way to understanding freactive. freactive's syntax is very similar to that of reagent with a few small differences.
Reactive atoms: In freactive, instead of Clojure's atom, you use freactive's reactive atom which allows deref's to be captured by an enclosing reactive expression - an rx in this case. (This is exactly the same idea as in reagent and I believe it originally came from reflex).
The rx macro: The rx macro returns an IDeref instance (can be deref'ed with @) whose value is the body of the expression. This value gets updated when (and only when) one of the dependencies captured in its body (reactive atoms, other rx's and also things like cursor's) gets "invalidated". (Pains were taken to make this invalidation process as efficient and configurable as possible.)
Binding to attributes, style properties and node positions: Passing an rx or reactive atom (or any IDeref instance) as an attribute, style property or child of a DOM element represented via a hiccup vector binds it to that site. freactive makes sure that any updates to rx's or atom's are propogated directly to that DOM site only as often as necessary (coordinated with requestAnimationFrame).
Mounting components: Components are mounted by passing a target node and hiccup vector to the mount! function (this will replace the last child of the target node with the mounted node!).
Events: All attributes prefixed with :on- will treated as event handlers and take a Clojurescript function as an argument.
Helper functions: A few additional helper functions such as - append-child!, remove!, and listen! - are included, but it is encouraged to use them sparingly and prefer the declarative hiccup syntax wherever possible.
Note: atom and rx are also available for Java Clojure and can be used with JavaFX via fx-clj using a similar API. Originally this library was conceived as just a clj/cljs atom and rx library. After working with it in fx-clj, I wanted to do the same thing for the DOM and voila. Eventually a "core" library containing just the reactive data types will be split off. The Java version of core.clj is slightly out of sync with core.cljs. There is also an out-of-date ClojureCLR version.
freactive should be able to handle fairly high performance graphics.
Rather than saying how fast freactive does X compared to framework Y (which isn't always productive), I created an example that would really tax its ability to render. This is to give me (as well as potential library users) an idea of what it can and can't handle on different platforms.
This example tries to animate points on the screen (SVG circle nodes) relative to the current mouse position. It has a complexity factor, n, which can be controlled by the + and - buttons. The number of points is (2n + 1)2.
When you're observing the example, you can view the calculated FPS rate as well as the estimated number of DOM attributes updated per second. I recommend trying different values of n in different browsers (even try your phone!). Notice at which number of points the animation is and isn't smooth. Please report any issues you find here so we can make it better!: https://github.com/aaronc/freactive/issues.
Here is the example: http://aaronc.github.io/freactive/dom-perf
All of this is done declaratively with only the syntax described above, easers and transitions.
Here is the source for the example: https://github.com/aaronc/freactive/blob/master/test/freactive/dom_perf.cljs
This example benchmarks performance of reactive atom, rx and easer updates, freactive's rendering loop and applying those updates to DOM attributes and style properties. It also tests freactive's ability to clean up after itself and create new DOM elements. In the pause between transitions (usually not perceptable for small n values), freactive is cleaning up old elements (with attached rx's that need to be deactivated) and creating new DOM elements. If the average frame rate for a given n doesn't drop after many transitions, it means that freactive is doing a good job of cleaning up after itself. If you notice a significant drop, please report it!
You should be able to see fairly smooth animations with thousands of points (n >= 16) on most modern computers even though the frame rate will start drop significantly. The "number of attrs updated" calculation is only valid when either the mouse is moving or a transition is happening.
(Okay... you may be wondering if I did a Reagent comparsion because the code is so similar. Here it is. Reagent and React are quite fast! but freactive does seem to scale better for higher values of n. freactive also provides built-in animations.)
Transition callbacks can be added to any DOM element using the with-transitions function.
(with-transitions
[:h1 "Hello World!"]
{:on-show (fn [node callback]
;; do something
(when callback (callback)))})
The framework understands the :on-show and :on-hide transitions. These transitions will be applied upon changes at binding sites - i.e. at the site of an rx or an initial mount!. (A mechanism for triggering transitions based on changes to data-state is also planned.)
An API that wraps easer functionality in a convenient animate! function that takes style and attribute properties is planned.
easer's are the basis of freactive animations. An easer is a specialized type of deref value that is updated at every animation frame based on an easing function and target and duration parameters. Essentially it provides "tween" values. Easers are defined with the easer function which takes an initial value. They can be transitioned to another value using the start-easing! function which takes the following parameters: from (optional), to, duration, easing-fn and a on-complete callback.
An easer is designed to be used as a dependency in a reactive computation, like this:
(def ease-factor (animation/easer 0.0))
(defn my-view []
(dom/with-transitions
[:h1 {:style
{:font-size (rx (str (* 16 @ease-factor) "px"))}} "Hello World!"]
{:on-show (fn [node callback]
(animation/start-easing! ease-factor 0 1.0 1000
(ease :quad-in-out) callback))}))
By creating an easing-chain, we can do some more complex things:
(def ease1 (animation/easer 0.0))
(def ease2 (animation/easer 1.0))
(def complex-transition
(animation/easing-chain
[[ease1 0.0 1.0 1000 (ease :quad-in-out)]
[ease2 1.0 0.0 500 (ease :quad-out)]
[ease2 0.0 1.0 150 (ease :quint-in)]]))
(defn my-view []
(dom/with-transitions
[:h1 {:style
{:font-size (rx (str (* 16 @ease1) "px"))
:opacity (rx (str @ease2))}}
"Hello World!"]
{:on-show
(fn [node callback] (complex-transition callback))}))
Easing functions: an easing function, f, is a function that is designed to take an input t parameter that ranges from 0.0 to 1.0 that has the property (= (f 0) 0) and (= (f 1) 1). Basically the easing function is supposed to smoothly transition from 0 to 1. The easer itself takes care of properly scaling the values based on duration and from and to values. The easing functions shown above use bardo's ease function from bardo.ease. Any third-party easing library such as bardo can be used for easing functions. (freactive only provides the most basic quad-in and quad-out easing functions built-in.)
Optional from parameter: the optional from parameter to start-easing! has a special behavior - if the current value of the easer is different from from, the duration of easing will be adjusted (linearly for now) based on the difference bettween from and the current value. This is to keep the speed of easing somewhat consistent. If you don't want this behavior and always want the same duration regardless of the current value of the easer, don't specify a from value.
Interupting in progress easings: if start-easing! is called on an easer that is already in an easing transition that hasn't completed, it is equivalent to cancelling the current easing and sending the easer in a different direction starting from the current value. If there was on on-complete callback to the easing that was in progress it won't be called and is effectively "cancelled". (This behavior can be observed in the performance example if you click + or - while a transition is happening.)
cursor's in freactive behave and look exactly like atom's. You can use Clojurescript's built-in swap! and reset! functions on them and state will be propogated back to their parents. By default, change notifications from the parent propagate to the cursor when and only when they affect the state of the cursor.
Fundamentally, cursors are based on lenses. That means that you can pass any arbitrary getter (of the form (fn [parent-state])) and setter (of the form (fn [parent-state cursor-state])) and the cursor will handle it.
(def my-atom (atom 0))
(defn print-number [my-atom-state]
;; print the number with some formmating
)
(defn parse-number [my-atom-state new-cursor-state]
;; parse new-cursor-state into a number and return it
;; if parsing fails you can just return my-atom-state
;; to cancel the update or throw a validation
;; exception
)
(def a-str (cursor my-atom print-number parse-number))
;; @a-str -> "0"
(reset! a-str "1.2")
(println @my-atom)
;; 1.2
cursors can also be created by passing in a keyword or a key sequence that would be passed to get-in or assoc-in to the cursor function:
(def my-atom (atom {:a {:b [{:x 0}]}}))
(def ab0 (cursor my-atom [:a :b 0])) ;; @ab0 -> {:x 0}
(def a (cursor my-atom :a) ;; a keyword can be used as well
This is somewhat similar (but not exactly) to cursors in om - which was the inspiration for cursors in freactive. It should be noted that in freactive, cursors were designed to work with lenses first and then with key or key sequences (korks) for convenience. A cursor doesn't know anything about the structure of data it references (i.e. the associative path from parent to child).
An experimental items-view has been created, but is still a work in progress... This documentation describes the concept in a very general way.
The idea of the items-view is to provide a generic container for large collections of objects that send notifications about exactly which items changed so that diffing is not neeeded. An analogue to this in the desktop UI world is the WPF ItemsControl which is a base class for ListView's and TreeView's. Basically it allows to framework to observe a collection and add or remove nodes rendering them based on a data template.
In freactive, the items-view will take a container parameter (hiccup virtual node), a template-fn which will receive a single argument representing a cursor to a single item in the collection and should return a hiccup virtual node (can be reactive), and a collection parameter representing the underlying collection that is being rendered. The collection should be satisfy the IObservableCollection protocol which is still being fleshed out. A basic implementation of IObservableCollection will be provided which wraps an atom containing a Clojure map or vector and provides specific methods for adding/updating/removing individual items so that notifications can be done on an item-specific basis with no need for diffing. This type of idiom will allow for quite large collections. IObservableCollection could eventually be extended to support a database-backed collection and then we have something like Meteor in Clojurescript..! The items-view should provide built-in support for applying and removing sorts in a stable way, for adding and removing filters and for limiting the displayed elements to a specific range (to support paging and infinite scrolling). It should be agnostic to the underlying IObservableCollection as well as the container and template-fn and do things as generically as possible.
It should be noted that the items-view will be orthogonal to the other functionality in freactive - freactive "core" will just attempt to provide idioms which would support an items-view and a good out of the box implementation. In reality, items-view could be a separate library and alternate implementations could co-exist.
Reactive expressions can be hard to debug - sometimes we notice that something should be getting invalidated that isn't or it seems like something is getting updated too often.
The debug-rx macro can be placed around the initialization of any rx:
(debug-rx (rx (str @n)))
and you should seeing verbose debug statements corresponding to:
rx may be registered - part of freactive's optimizations are smart attaching and removing of watches based on dirty flags)In addition to their ability to register themselves as a dependency to an rx, reactive atom's have one additional difference from regular atoms. Reactive atoms do an equality check (using =) before completing a change and notifying watches. i.e: they will only report a change when the value actually has changed.
A lazy dependency invalidates a parent rx whenever it gets invalidated (but it doesn't check to see if its value has really changed). An eager dependency checks to see if it really has changed before notifying its parent. By default, rx's are lazy and cursor's are eager. This is because an rx is something whose value almost always changes whenever a dependency changes and a cursor is usually something that will only change when its portion of a larger state changes (i.e. the path [:a :b] in {:a {:b 1} c: {:d 2}}). There is also an eager-rx and a lazy-cursor if you want to invert this default behavior.
Details:
You probably shouldn't need to understand this to develop most apps, but it may be useful to those trying to maximize performance in complex situations.
Laziness relates to the IInvalidates protocol which freactive introduces. Basically IInvalidates defines three protocol methods: -add-invalidation-watch, -remove-invalidation-watch and -notify-invalidations-watches. These take the same parameters as the corresponding -add-watch, -remove-watch, etc. methods from IWatchable. The only difference is that the callback function should take 2 args (instead of 4): key and ref. When something is invalidated, we are communicating that it's state will probably change, but that we don't know what the new state is yet!
So, if we register an invalidation-watch against an rx, it will perform lazily - i.e. it will only compute its new state when we deref it. If we register a watch against it, it will perform eagerly and it will only notify about state changes (to both watches and invalidation watches) if the value has actually change!
So, how do we make an rx or cursor lazy or eager? Well, it may seem counter-intuitive, but reactives in freactive actually register their own dependencies. Instead of "registering" with the parent, they look for a *invalidate-rx* function to be bound in the current context and they they register it either as a watch or invalidation watch. *invalidate-rx* actually should be a fn with 0, 2 and 4 arity overloads. The 0 arity-overload allows the dependency to take entire control over the invalidation process and the 2 and 4 arities correspond to invalidation watches and watches respectively. Whenever *invalidate-rx* is called, it immediately removes the watch on whatever dependency called it (it will be added the next time the rx is derefed if it is still in the rx scope.) After some benchmarking, this method seemed to be the most efficient general method.
Anyway, because dependencies register themselves, they can decide whether to register themselves lazily or eagerly. It should be noted that a dependency is eager whenever anything registers a watch (as opposed to an invalidation-watch) against it. We can override a dependency's choice of eagerness or laziness by derefing them within an eagerly or lazily macro - if you ever should need that: (eagerly @a).
Propogation of changes to the DOM:
Attribute and node change listeners always try to register an invalidation-watch first and when not available (for atoms for instance) a watch. Whenenver they receive a change notification, they remove the watch, queue an update to the render queue, and add the watch again right before the update is applied (when deref is called).
Sometimes you want to reference a reactive atom or rx from within an rx without registering it as a dependency! Or maybe you want to make sure that in library code, no surrounding rx is calling your function. The non-reactively macro (in freactive.macros) will take care of this:
;; a is registered as a dependency, but b isn't!
(rx (+ @a (non-reactively @b)))
Contributions (including pull requests) are welcome!
If you would like to contribute, here is a list of things that would help get this library to a mature state. The list is organized by category and relative priority. Each item has a link to an issue which you can comment on, assign to yourself possibly, etc.
Core functionality:
requestAnimationFrame, addEventListener, etc. to support older browsers where feasibleItems view:
Animations:
More examples and testing on different platforms is always welcome.
Comments, suggestions and questions can be posted here: https://github.com/aaronc/freactive/issues
Distributed under the Eclipse Public License, either version 1.0 or (at your option) any later version.
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