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时序数据库InfluxDB在.NET Core中的使用——（1）InfluxDB简介及使用 |
ElderJames' Blog
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<ol class="post-toc"><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-2"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#简介"><span class="post-toc-number">1.</span> <span class="post-toc-text"><a href="#简介" class="headerlink" title="简介"></a>简介</span></a><ol class="post-toc-child"><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#特色"><span class="post-toc-number">1.1.</span> <span class="post-toc-text"><a href="#特色" class="headerlink" title="特色"></a>特色</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#特点"><span class="post-toc-number">1.2.</span> <span class="post-toc-text"><a href="#特点" class="headerlink" title="特点"></a>特点</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#缺点"><span class="post-toc-number">1.3.</span> <span class="post-toc-text"><a href="#缺点" class="headerlink" title="缺点"></a>缺点</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-2"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#概念"><span class="post-toc-number">2.</span> <span class="post-toc-text"><a href="#概念" class="headerlink" title="概念"></a>概念</span></a><ol class="post-toc-child"><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-5"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Database"><span class="post-toc-number">2.0.0.1.</span> <span class="post-toc-text"><a href="#Database" class="headerlink" title="Database"></a>Database</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-5"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Measurements"><span class="post-toc-number">2.0.0.2.</span> <span class="post-toc-text"><a href="#Measurements" class="headerlink" title="Measurements"></a>Measurements</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-5"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Tag-sets"><span class="post-toc-number">2.0.0.3.</span> <span class="post-toc-text"><a href="#Tag-sets" class="headerlink" title="Tag sets"></a>Tag sets</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-5"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Fields"><span class="post-toc-number">2.0.0.4.</span> <span class="post-toc-text"><a href="#Fields" class="headerlink" title="Fields"></a>Fields</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-5"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Points"><span class="post-toc-number">2.0.0.5.</span> <span class="post-toc-text"><a href="#Points" class="headerlink" title="Points"></a>Points</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-5"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Series"><span class="post-toc-number">2.0.0.6.</span> <span class="post-toc-text"><a href="#Series" class="headerlink" title="Series"></a>Series</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-5"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Timestamp"><span class="post-toc-number">2.0.0.7.</span> <span class="post-toc-text"><a href="#Timestamp" class="headerlink" title="Timestamp"></a>Timestamp</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-5"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Retention-Policies"><span class="post-toc-number">2.0.0.8.</span> <span class="post-toc-text"><a href="#Retention-Policies" class="headerlink" title="Retention Policies"></a>Retention Policies</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-5"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Continuous-Queries"><span class="post-toc-number">2.0.0.9.</span> <span class="post-toc-text"><a href="#Continuous-Queries" class="headerlink" title="Continuous Queries"></a>Continuous Queries</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-3"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#注意"><span class="post-toc-number">2.1.</span> <span class="post-toc-text"><a href="#注意" class="headerlink" title="注意"></a>注意</span></a><ol class="post-toc-child"><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-5"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Tag"><span class="post-toc-number">2.1.0.1.</span> <span class="post-toc-text"><a href="#Tag" class="headerlink" title="Tag"></a>Tag</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-5"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#Field"><span class="post-toc-number">2.1.0.2.</span> <span class="post-toc-text"><a href="#Field" class="headerlink" title="Field"></a>Field</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-2"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#安装与使用"><span class="post-toc-number">3.</span> <span class="post-toc-text"><a href="#安装与使用" class="headerlink" title="安装与使用"></a>安装与使用</span></a></li><li class="post-toc-item post-toc-level-2"><a class="post-toc-link" href="#小结"><span class="post-toc-number">4.</span> <span class="post-toc-text"><a href="#小结" class="headerlink" title="小结"></a>小结</span></a></li></ol>
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时序数据库InfluxDB在.NET Core中的使用——（1）InfluxDB简介及使用
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<strong>James Yeung</strong>
<span>9月 25, 2017</span>
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<script src="\assets\js\APlayer.min.js"> </script><h2 id="简介"><a href="#简介" class="headerlink" title="简介"></a>简介</h2><blockquote>
<p>InfluxDB是一个由InfluxData开发的开源时序型数据库。它由Go写成，着力于高性能地查询与存储时序型数据。InfluxDB被广泛应用于存储系统的监控数据，IoT行业的实时数据等场景。</p>
<p>——维基百科</p>
</blockquote>
<p>根据网络上的众多测评文章，同样的时序型数据，时序数据库的读写性能都比关系型数据库、NoSQL数据库要快，占用资源更少。所以，时序数据库适合数据结构固定、与时间顺序关联性强、数据量大并且读写性能要求高的使用场景，比如日志、监控数据、大数据存储等，以我这个DDD践行者来说，更是事件溯源架构中事件存储方式的最优选择。</p>
<h3 id="特色"><a href="#特色" class="headerlink" title="特色"></a>特色</h3><ol>
<li>基于时间序列，支持与时间有关的相关函数（如最大，最小，求和等）</li>
<li>可度量性：你可以实时对大量数据进行计算</li>
<li>基于事件：它支持任意的事件数据</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="特点"><a href="#特点" class="headerlink" title="特点"></a>特点</h3><ol>
<li>无结构（无模式）：可以是任意数量的列</li>
<li>可拓展的，通过配套的代理插件可实现分布式</li>
<li>支持min, max, sum, count, mean, median 等一系列函数，方便统计</li>
<li>原生的HTTP支持，内置HTTP API</li>
<li>强大的类SQL语法</li>
<li>自带管理界面，方便使用</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="缺点"><a href="#缺点" class="headerlink" title="缺点"></a>缺点</h3><p>只有一个，只适合固定的数据结构，如果结构有变动，变动前的数据讲很难查询到，需要从数据源重新导入，所以说是用灵活性的牺牲来换取超高的性能，但是它的应用场景依然宽泛。</p>
<h2 id="概念"><a href="#概念" class="headerlink" title="概念"></a>概念</h2><h5 id="Database"><a href="#Database" class="headerlink" title="Database"></a>Database</h5><p>数据库名，在 InfluxDB 中可以创建多个数据库，不同数据库中的数据文件是隔离存放的，存放在磁盘上的不同目录。</p>
<h5 id="Measurements"><a href="#Measurements" class="headerlink" title="Measurements"></a>Measurements</h5><p>相当于传统数据库的表，例如 cpu_usage 表示 cpu 的使用率。</p>
<h5 id="Tag-sets"><a href="#Tag-sets" class="headerlink" title="Tag sets"></a>Tag sets</h5><p>标签，tags 在 InfluxDB 中会被建立索引，且放在内存中。如果某种数据经常用来被作为查询条件，可以考虑设为Tag。</p>
<h5 id="Fields"><a href="#Fields" class="headerlink" title="Fields"></a>Fields</h5><p>字段，是各种数据类型的存储和查询时的主要对象。</p>
<h5 id="Points"><a href="#Points" class="headerlink" title="Points"></a>Points</h5><p>点，代表一条记录，由时间戳（time）、数据（field）、标签（tags）组成。</p>
<ul>
<li>time : 每个数据记录时间，是数据库中的主索引(会自动生成)</li>
<li>tags : 各种有索引的属性，只支持字符串</li>
<li>fields : 各种记录值（没有索引的属性）也就是记录的值</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="Series"><a href="#Series" class="headerlink" title="Series"></a>Series</h5><p>序列，以retention policy、 measurement、 tagset共同组成的定位测点作为序列的唯一标识的所有记录，每个时刻的记录就是Point。</p>
<h5 id="Timestamp"><a href="#Timestamp" class="headerlink" title="Timestamp"></a>Timestamp</h5><p>时间戳，每一条数据都需要指定一个时间戳，在 TSM 存储引擎中会特殊对待，以为了优化后续的查询操作。</p>
<h5 id="Retention-Policies"><a href="#Retention-Policies" class="headerlink" title="Retention Policies"></a>Retention Policies</h5><p>存储策略，用于设置数据保留的时间，每个数据库刚开始会自动创建一个默认的存储策略 autogen，数据保留时间为永久，之后用户可以自己设置，例如保留最近2小时的数据。插入和查询数据时如果不指定存储策略，则使用默认存储策略，且默认存储策略可以修改。InfluxDB 会定期清除过期的数据。</p>
<h5 id="Continuous-Queries"><a href="#Continuous-Queries" class="headerlink" title="Continuous Queries"></a>Continuous Queries</h5><p>连续查询，使用连续查询是最优的降低采样率的方式，连续查询和存储策略搭配使用将会大大降低InfluxDB的系统占用量。而且使用连续查询后，数据会存放到指定的数据表中，这样就为以后统计不同精度的数据提供了方便。</p>
<h3 id="注意"><a href="#注意" class="headerlink" title="注意"></a>注意</h3><p>由于Tag与Field的不同特性，在编写SQL进行查询时，Tag与Field支持不同的操作，总结如下:</p>
<h5 id="Tag"><a href="#Tag" class="headerlink" title="Tag"></a>Tag</h5><ul>
<li>只能使用Tag进行Group</li>
<li>只能使用Tag进行正则表达式操作</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="Field"><a href="#Field" class="headerlink" title="Field"></a>Field</h5><ul>
<li>只能使用Field进行函数操作，例如sum()</li>
<li>只能使用Field进行比较操作</li>
<li>如果需要使用int,float,boolean类型进行存储,只能使用Field</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="安装与使用"><a href="#安装与使用" class="headerlink" title="安装与使用"></a>安装与使用</h2><p>安装方法很简单，除了在官方网站<a href="https://influxdata.com/downloads/#influxdb" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://influxdata.com/downloads/#influxdb</a>下载安装程序外，官方还提供了Docker镜像，我就是在Docker Hub拉取镜像并且部署的，毕竟才14MB大小，而且还与本机环境隔离。</p>
<p>安装好后，数据库服务的地址是<code>http://localhost:8086</code>，初始用户名是admin，初始密码也是admin。数据库可以通过发送Http请求来操作，操作语句与sql语言基本保持一致。</p>
<ul>
<li><p>创建一个数据库：</p>
<p> <code>curl -i -XPOST http://localhost:8086/query --data-urlencode "q=CREATE DATABASE mydb"</code></p>
</li>
<li><p>写入一个Point(记录)：</p>
<p> <code>curl -i -XPOST 'http://localhost:8086/write?db=mydb' --data-binary 'cpu_load_short,host=server01,region=us-west value=0.64 1434055562000000000'</code></p>
</li>
<li><p>查询操作：</p>
<p> <code>curl -G 'http://localhost:8086/query?pretty=true' --data-urlencode "db=mydb" --data-urlencode "q=SELECT \"value\" FROM \"cpu_load_short\" WHERE \"region\"='us-west'"</code></p>
<p> 返回的会是一段Json数据：</p>
</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-json"><code class="language-json"><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token property">"results"</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token property">"statement_id"</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">"series"</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token property">"name"</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">"cpu_load_short"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">"columns"</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>
<span class="token string">"time"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token string">"value"</span>
<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">"values"</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>
<span class="token string">"2015-01-29T21:55:43.702900257Z"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token number">2</span>
<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>
<span class="token string">"2015-01-29T21:55:43.702900257Z"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token number">0.55</span>
<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>
<span class="token string">"2015-06-11T20:46:02Z"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token number">0.64</span>
<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h2 id="小结"><a href="#小结" class="headerlink" title="小结"></a>小结</h2><p>本篇文章主要介绍了InfluxDB的基本概念以及安装和基本操作方法，更详细的介绍请参阅<a href="https://docs.influxdata.com/influxdb/v1.3/guides" target="_blank" rel="noopener">官方文档</a>以及热心开发者发表的<a href="https://www.linuxdaxue.com/series/influxdb-series/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">系列教程</a></p>
<p>性能测试参考：<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/MikeZhang/p/InfluxDBTest20170212.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.cnblogs.com/MikeZhang/p/InfluxDBTest20170212.html</a></p>
<p>下一篇，我将动手利用一款InfluxDB客户端结合.NET Core自带IoC框架和仓储模式实现事件存储。</p>
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